Public Relations Theories Study Marketing Essay

Public Relations Theories Study Marketing Essay 1.0 Introduction Public relations have been acknowledged as a powerful tool in commutations for individuals, groups, organizations and nations to achieve their respected purposes. Whether the purpose is for profit or not, public relations process a key stage that conveys messages between different parties. Individuals even see it as imperative aids for career promotion. For the past couple of centuries ¼Ã…’with the development of public relations techniques have become more and more sophisticated and, in a sense, more manipulative, the profession of public relations has become more important accordingly. As scholars, professionals and consultants explore further into this field; as a result, the theories are applied to multiple contemporary circumstances. Today, Public Relations, as a new and ever-improving profession or academic discipline, have taken on formats including, but not limited to, face-to-face and mediated communications to achieve goals for organizations and how strong relationships put these organizations in a strong competitive business position. In this essay, I will discuss how the Public Relations theories are applied in current environments given in the following three cases: The Case of Queensland floods Organization, in which Queensland volunteers, partnered with boutique PR agent Espresso Communications, launches a website to provide timely information for Queenslanders and establishes communications between people who are willing to help and those who need help; The case of Good Returns 100 Women campaign, which the organization uses pro-bono PR to help raise fund and provide microfinance for poor women in South Asia to start their own business and improve livelihood skills; The case of Malaysian Kitchen Food Market. Malaysian Kitchen Food Market introduces a campaign that MATRADE to improve awareness of Malaysian cuisine and restaurants in Australia. The first two are examples of PR practices for nonprofit organizations while the latter is considered a commercial case. In each of the three cases, organizations are creating communication that strengthens relationships of stakeholders to achieve their purposes by utilizing a combination of PR techniques through carefully selected media and detailed implementation plans. 2.0 Theory for Application in Case Analysis In this section, I will analyze and evaluate the role and application of public relations theory and practice in the commercial and public sectors using Grunigs models of PR practice and other models and theories. Based on Grunigs four models of PR practice, the following points are helpful in devising and implementing effective public relations (Harrison, 2011): 1. Press agentry, publicity, propaganda can be used to complete truth but not essential area in One-way, such as sports, theater and marketing promotion etc. 2. Public information can be used for truth important such as readability, readership surveys, government, not-for-profit and organizations etc. 3. Two-way asymmetrical can be used for persuasion, marketing PR and improve acceptance of the message from feedback of receivers. 4. Two-way symmetrical can be used to creates mutual understanding between sender and receivers such as in regulated business and flat-structured companies. 2.1 Dissemination of Public Information In determination of a publics communicative needs, does the public merely need to be provided with information, encouraged to alter a belief or to act on an issue, or sent feedbacks? Basic public relations activities are relatively simple and require only modest tools simple press release, work with the media, assemble a press kit and coordinate a press event. Development of these skills will enable nonprofit managers to accomplish key goals of increased awareness for fundraising events, volunteer opportunities and organizational programs, products or services. In the case of Queensland Floods, the first and foremost object for this nonprofit organization is to provide information for the people needed help in a timely manner. Public information display is the objective. Traditional media and new media are both used. Social media, relatively new channels, this is more like one-way information. While in the case of Malaysian, this organization tries to persuade receivers` perception on Malaysian food in order to shift their consumer behavior to make more benefit to the Malaysian restaurants. Many traditional media are interactional campaigns are held to support. While in the case of Good Returns 100 Women campaign, this is also a nonprofit organization used multiple media and Internet to disseminate the information of a campaign in order to get build high awareness of the organization. It spread their activities strategically instead of focusing on a single media, and builds a movement through convening discussion, stimulating online dialogu e, generating word of mouth and media coverage about the campaign. 2.2 Choice of symmetrical or asymmetrical communication determines whether to use one-way or two-way communication to enact the informative, persuasive message. The primary issue to consider is whether the method of communication should be in the organizations best interest or the publics best interest. The choice of symmetrical or asymmetrical communication should be based on whether the selection ultimately benefits the organization, the publics, or the dominant coalition. Ideally, the choice will result in a win-win position. For example, in the case of Good Return Women, the choice of Two-way symmetrical communication works both in the benefits of the organization itself. In the case of Queensland Floods, this is a campaign using two-way symmetrical model to generate media buzz. Constant dialogue with key team members to ensure messages were consistent and all parties kept informed with the status of the campaign and Liaise with numerous local government bodies and the QLD Local Government Association to ensure that we had a full understanding of how we could best communicate with those affected evidence this PR model that is more likely to change the other parties attitude and behavior. An interact platform has been created for stakeholders, volunteers and victims of the flood in this case, before a research for receiving the details of flood variety and communication with QLD Local Government Association has been done. Research is an imperative stage for two-way model (Harrision, 2011). Media effects theories has been seen in this in Communication Strategy in this case. The model illustrates the process of steps from people receiving message to taki ng action. At first, people get the persuasive message from the media and pay attention to the message. Understanding of the situation caused by flooding convinced receivers and swayed their attitudes, thus eventually led to actual actions. Also this case combined the Situational theory of public, during the communication process. Receivers realize the problems come, and then they probably start to think about it and what to do with it. High importance of the problem will cause high level of involvement, and subsequently receivers will be driven by the recognition to deal with it. 2.3 Multiple Messages Dissemination Publics may hold many different opinions about an organization based on the fact that the individuals that comprise a public do not have a static perception of the organization. That is, individual perceptions of an organization vary based on their interactional history with the organization. Therefore, multiple messages must be disseminated to accomplish the varying communicative needs of publics. 2.4 Relationships with stakeholders Corporate Responsibilities Management of publics should be seen as an opportunity to build or maintain relationships with stakeholders. Promoting issues of importance to a public is a good way to build coalitions, reach out to the media, and make connections with individuals of influence or those who may be interested in becoming involved with the organization. This campaign launcher plays as a not for profit organization also take high Corporate social responsibility on this campaign. We can see the evidence from the result of this campaign. The Australian, Kindness helps combat miseryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ABC Brisbane, Website organizes beds for homeless flood victims Brisbane Times, Make us your home page Courier Mail, Site helps flood homeless Brisbane Times, Hunt for Missing flood victims online The case of Good 100 Women is a good example of PR practice for worthwhile non-profit organizations with very limited or no budget for public relations. With the help of Porter Novelli, an inexpensive public relations program and a most cost effective way to promote its services was created. 2.5 Implementation How these three cases implemented their PR practices by comparing plans. In the case of MATRADE, the campaign successfully increased popularity and established a clear definition of Malaysian food to the mind of Australians. As a commercial PR campaign, the practice and implementation is quite different from that of the Queensland Flood or the Good Return. It is important to underscore the connection between the public relations strategy and the organizational mission. Assess your public relations needs and tailor your plan accordingly. The PR practice generally follows an AWARENESS-INTEREST-DESIRE-ACTION model. First, partnering with Pulse, MATRADE found out the target audiencesnot just the Malaysian population in Australia, but also consumers in a broader meaning. By carefully implemented to showcase Malaysian cuisine to traditional and social media, social media though achieve its goal to increase awareness of Malaysian cuisine and thus increase footfall to Malaysian restaurants. Desire was created and consumer took actions-they made their purchase decisions. The results of the campaign were obvious: Malaysian restaurants experienced an increase in sales of approximately 30 per cent. 3.0 Ethical and Risk Issues relevant to these Public Relations Practices Corporate social responsibility is an important work for a Corporation or organization with long-term development, although people think that the responsibilities to public should be taken by government or country. However, to gain extension of a company who has already operated for many years, corporate social responsibility will be a key to increase the values. Corporate social responsibility does as no specific standard or rulers; it can be a philosophy notion. When a company starts to perform its business base on social responsibility, all of the management will be different. This attributes that ethic will be taken in high priority than profits, as well as high profile services for customers, as products are responsible for society. As a result, the company business is a social mission. If a company is lack of this responsibility, staffs find no honor and work holding no meaning. 4.0 Conclusion Public relations, after all is the process to draw on the most relevant theories and principles to help an organization to communicate betterbe it for commercial or nonprofit organizations. (Bernays, 1952) Public relations is not just a one-way street that only deliver message from one party to another, but a two-way street where leadership and the public find common purpose with each other and in which objectives and goals are predicted on the coincidence of public and private interest. (Grunig, 1984) Public relations practice is a channel to convey messages by persuading specific audiences to achieve successful professional performance, whether for commercial or nonprofit organizations. Its a set of actions to achieve desired outcomes based on research and strategies. However, sometimes dissonance between audience and group of stakeholders will be created when the interests of audiences and stakeholders are different on public relations. And given the rise of influence of stakehold ers on decisions, values, beliefs, policies and management of organizations, it is important to maintain effective stakeholders relationships and cater for the needs of different parties.

Saving The World :: essays research papers

Is it too late to save the world? Probably not! Perhaps the real question should be if society will actually do something about it or not. Perhaps the world leaders are more interested in money than the welfare of the environment. Money makes the world go round, this could be true from an economical point of view but from the environmental aspect money is being fed into the wrong areas and screeching the world to a halt. The world should be putting plans into action at this stage in the earths rescue. Instead scientists are still trying to ‘understand’ what is going on. This is just taking up more and more time, leaving the earth to rot as they do their ‘research.’ There are many different ways that we as the earths population are destroying the environment. For example, the tall cooling towers used by industries. They do not remove pollutants but simply push them higher into the atmosphere, in this way they reduce their concentration at that particular area. The pollutants may then travel over large distances and produce negative effects in areas far away from the original site. This is only one example of how we are destroying the environment. Power stations are another source. These power stations make use of the cooling towers mentioned earlier, they also emit poisonous gasses such as some nitrogen oxides and probably more dangerous, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). What are the consequences of this pollution? We have all heard about the hole in the ozone layer, global warming or even the famous armageggon. These are more drastic examples, why not look at some cases that have already happened. For instance acid rain is a regular occurrence all around the world.

Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Essay

Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Board: Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Board: Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Issue Identification The Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan (OTPP) is a defined contribution plan that was created in 1917 to provide and administer a pension plan for Ontario school teachers. Sponsored by the Ontario Government and the Ontario Teacher’s Federation, the plan currently supports 343,000 teachers, former teachers and pensioners. The recent government decision to eliminate the 30% constraint on foreign investments and the increased volatility in the currency market has prompted the OTPP Investment Committee to address the following: 1. Whether to continue the International Equity Swap Program 2. Whether to administer changes to the Foreign Exchange Hedging Policy Goals and Objectives In order to come to a decision, it is necessary that any solution put forth must align with the goals and objectives of the fund. OTPP is a long-term fund determined to minimize risk, costs and the additional contributions required to fund the plan while maximizing its returns. OTPP Investment Strategy In the early 1990’s the OTPP board realized that it was essential to begin investing abroad to diversify risk and to capitalize on international opportunities to achieve greater returns, given the size of the fund. However, it was not until 1996 that the Foreign Exchange Hedge Program (FX Hedge Program) was implemented in response to a significant rise in currency exposure. As the fund faced increased foreign currency risk, risk management became essential and thus, a hedging policy of 50% of its foreign currency exposure was introduced. Due to the fact that OTPP has a continual commitment in supporting its pensioners, it must expose itself to limited risk and effectively hedge against any unexpected changes in its investments. Hence, a conservative policy of hedging 50% of foreign exchange exposure was enforced. Additionally, the International Equity Swap Program (IE Swap Program) was implemented as a solution to the government restriction of 30% ownership of foreign investments. Since most assets were tied up in non-marketable Ontario Debentures, a swap program enabled OTPP to reallocate its assets. OTPP Performance Evaluation The strategic decision to diversify beyond Canada and into global markets has proved to be beneficial to the OTPP investment portfolio. It has contributed substantial value to the fund over the 10 year period (1995-2005) by reducing potential losses, since five of the six foreign currencies appreciated against the Canadian dollar. For the past 15 years, OTPP investments have also consistently outperformed the benchmark rate of returns, generating a 10-year average rate of return of 11. 4% and a gross return of $15. billion over benchmark returns. Despite the portfolio’s negative rate of returns in 2001-2002, it has still produced considerable investment growth in relation to the benchmark, demonstrating the strength of OTPP’s investment policies in risk management. However, since interest rates have declined by approximately 3% (1990-2004), the value of the pension fund has increased. This has resulted in larger amount of payments made to pen sioners. Additionally, the demographics of the OTPP plan membership have changed significantly over the past 30 years. The ratio of active members per retiree has decreased from 10:1 in the 1970s to the present ratio of 1. 6:1. Moreover, the expected years retirees rely on the pension have also increased to 29 years. All these factors have exerted a great deal of pressure on the pension plan to sustain its funding with contributions from fewer working teachers. With the foreign currency market being increasingly volatile, OTPP is concerned regarding its future ability to support pension payments. Decision Criteria The Investment Committee must consider the following criteria when deciding whether to implement changes to the International Equity Swap Program and Foreign Exchange Hedging Policy: the fund’s exposure to foreign exchange risk, transaction costs, and an alignment of goals and objectives of the fund. Alternative: Although OTPP has performed well in the past, the future outlook of the pension plan remains uncertain. Therefore, OTPP has four alternatives to the future direction of the fund. OTPP can continue or discontinue the IE Swap Program and maintain or revise the current 50% FX Hedge Policy. Continue/Discontinue the Swap Program Previously, the swap program was used as a means to bypass the government restriction on foreign investment. With the regulation being lifted, OTPP has to now evaluate whether the swap program remains necessary. The program has allowed OTPP to reallocate their assets cost-effectively as it eliminates OTPP’s cost of transacting directly in foreign exchange market. Moreover, since OTPP does not gain ownership of the securities, it has reduced the amount of cash required and limited its risk by transferring the risk to counter-parties (UBS, Credit Suisse, JP Morgan, etc. ).

Find Out Where Killer Whales Live

Find Out Where Killer Whales Live Despite their prevalence in marine parks such as SeaWorld, killer whales (otherwise known as orcas) are a wide-ranging cetacean species in the wild. Learn more about where killer whales live and how they survive. Killer whales are found in all of the worlds oceans. In fact, the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals states that they are second only to humans as the most widely distributed mammal in the world. You can see a killer whale range map on the IUCN site. These animals seem to prefer cooler waters, but may be found from warm waters around the Equator to polar waters. Orcas may enter semi-enclosed seas, river mouths, and ice-riddled areas, in addition to inhabiting waters far out in the open ocean.You may think they only live in deep oceans, but populations have been recorded living for longer periods of time in only a few meters of water.   The question of where killer whales live is complicated by the fact that there is disagreement over how many species of killer whales there are. Studies on killer whale genetics, physical appearance, diet, and vocalizations have led scientists to believe that there are more than one species (or at least subspecies) of killer whales (you can see a great illustration of the different types of killer whales). Once this question is answered, the habitat for various species may become more defined. SeaWorld notes that there are a few different types of Antarctic killer whales in different regions:  Type A killer whales live offshore in water that does not include ice.Type B orcas live in inshore waters of Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula; large type B near the pack ice; and small type B venture out to more open waters.Type C killer whales inhabit inshore waters and pack ice. They are most commonly found in the eastern Antarctic.Type D orcas reside in deep, subantarctic waters. The whales move around and can migrate based on where their prey goes. Where Orcas Live Areas where killer whales have been well-studied include: The Southern Ocean around AntarcticaThe Pacific Northwest  (where salmon-eating resident orcas, mammal-eating transient orcas, and shark-eating offshore orcas have been identified)AlaskaNorth Atlantic Ocean (Norway, Iceland, Scotland and the Strait of Gibraltar)On more rare occasions they have been seen in waters off of the Bahamas, Florida, Hawaii, Australia, the Galapagos Islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New Zealand, and South Africa.Rarely, they have been seen in freshwater locations.   Killer Whale Living Relationships Within the populations of killer whales in various areas, there may be pods and clans. Pods are long-term units made up of males, females, and calves. Within the pods, there are smaller units called maternal groups, consisting of mothers and their offspring. Above the pods in the social structure are clans. These are groups of pods that associate over time and may be related to each other. Want to see killer whales in the wild? You can get a list of whale watching sites around the world, many of which offer the opportunity to see killer whales.

Conductivity Prac essays

Conductivity Prac essays Aim: To investigate the electrical conductivities of metallic, ionic, covalent molecular and covalent network substances when in the solid, liquid, and solution phases. Substance Solid (Class) Molten Solution Lithium Chloride X Probably Ionic X Tick ( ): shows conductivity (more than one shows more conductivity) The Zinc, Tine and Copper all conducted electricity and the bond is known as a Metallic Bond. There is a cloud of elections moving freely so it enables metals to be good conductors. Most metals are shiny and quite hard. An Ionic substance such as Potassium Chloride and Lithium Chloride do not conduct electricity in solid form but conducts when combined with H2O. When Ionic is in solid form most have a firm and secure bond but when combined with H2O the bond is worst. Therefore the separated substances can conduct electricity. A Covalent bond such as Ethanol, Glucose, Sucrose and Graphite generally do not conduct but in some cases they can. For example Graphite can conduct electricity because it has a free electron. We can see that all the metallic substances conducted electricity quite well. The Ionic Substances however did not conduct in a solid form but it did conduct in water and we can assume it happened because of flux. On the other hand the covalent substance did not conduct in liquid or solid form or in H2O. Graphite is a non-metallic and is not an Ionic bond however it still conducts electricity. This happens because of the free electron Graphite ...

Balanaced Scorecard and Performance Measurements Case Study

Balanaced Scorecard and Performance Measurements - Case Study Example 2007). The scorecard is effectively utilised in measuring the utilisation of resources in seeking to achieve the objectives stipulated within the context of the organisational vision and mission statement. The balanced scorecard for Otago Museum makes consideration of the companys objectives as compared to the various stakeholders within the organisational structure. The various stakeholders within the organisation need to be able to measure the performance in relation to the objectives of the organisation. As a non-profit organisation, effective functioning of the internal systems is essential in ensuring the stakeholders are focused in performing their responsibilities within the organisation. A consideration of the organisational vision enabled transformation of the objectives into operational goals, which become the fundamental responsibilities for the various stakeholders. The understanding of their responsibilities enables the stakeholders to identify instances when operations are not within the desired outcomes. This enables the stakeholders to adopt measures for making corrections in seeking to ensure the operations remain within the expected standards. These are the stakeholders who have continuously ensured the organisation remains operational. Their fundamental function is the coordination of resources towards achieving the identified outcomes of the organisation. These individuals are involved in the development of the organisational strategies in seeking to ensure delivery of the strategic objectives. Many of the developed strategies remain based on the organisational objectives, which are derived from the vision. The management functions and leadership provided by these stakeholders has remained fundamental in ensuring continued operation of Otago. These stakeholders need to be constantly informed about the modern trends within the business in order to integrate them within the context of Otago operations. The strategic

Expression of Political Thoughts in Latin American Cinema 1980s Article

Expression of Political Thoughts in Latin American Cinema 1980s - Article Example The filmmakers of that era proficiently employed their skills and creative capabilities to reveal huge issues in front of the masses using examples of different individuals and their lives (Wilson, p127). For instance, the official story (1985) tells about the miseries of people that were taken away from their homes during the Dirty War took place in Argentine. Romero (1989), on the other hands, tells how the authorities use to brutally deal with the people who publicly talk against their unfair acts. In the same way, Missing (1982) tells the story of American journalist disappeared during the Chilean cope of 1973 in order to refer the prodigious missing of people during the war. These films are based on different situations and stories, however; the common theme among these movies is the portrayal of true incidents took place during the war and political turmoil in Latin America during the 1980s. â€Å"The official story† was directed by Luis Puenzo in 1985 that basically tells the tale of a woman’s odyssey from complacency to political awareness. It was produced after the demise of the regime of the last dictator of Argentine General Galteiri in 1983. The movie is based upon real events occurred in Argentina during the late 1970s and 1980s, collectively referred to as Dirty war. The movie describes the real political incidents took place in 1976 when the Jorge Rafael Videla reactionary military known as â€Å"junta† came into power in Argentine. The Junta rule suspended the parliament, unions and political parties. The dictator rule initiated the Dirty War during which thousands of people were exiled from their homes. The movie highlights the issue of the disappeared people and tells about the repression and torture being experienced by the people of Argentina at that time. In the movie, Norma Aleandro played the role of high school teacher Alicia that lives with her husband Roberto who was a wealthy businessman and lawyer and uses to remain engaged with the government. The couple adopted a little girl named Gaby from the political prisons and after some years Alicia became inquisitive to know about the parents of her adopted daughter.